Gaois

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153 results

  1. ENVIRONMENT

    #608074

    IATE #807025
    acmhainní talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Bodenschätze
    de
    Definition Im Erdboden vorhandene Anreicherungen meist mineralischer Rohstoffe, die abgebaut werden Reference Duden
    Comment DIV: AKO 07/11/2003; UPD: aih, 27.8.2010
    ground resources
    en
    Comment "Mineral resources [IATE:820711 ] are always ground resources, whereas 'ground resources' may be mineral or organic."
    ressources du sol | ressources du sous-sol | richesses du sous-sol | richesses du sol
    fr
    Comment "Les ressources/richesses du sol/sous-sol peuvent être de nature minérale (cf. ressources minérales IATE:820711 ) ou organique."
  3. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|agricultural activity|animal health

    #601316

    IATE #120505
    ainmhí talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context '... (h) cé chomh rialta agus cé chomh tapa is a thugann an tríú tír faisnéis maidir le galair ainmhithe ionfhabhtaíocha a bheith ar a críoch, go háirithe na galair a liostaítear i gCód Sláinte Ainmhithe Talún agus Cód Sláinte Ainmhithe Uisceacha de chuid na hEagraíochta Domhanda um Shláinte Ainmhithe...' Reference "Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1069/2009 lena leagtar síos rialacha sláinte maidir le seachtháirgí ainmhithe agus táirgí díorthaithe nach bhfuil ceaptha mar bhia don duine agus lena n-aisghairtear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1774/2002 (Rialachán maidir le seachtháirgí ainmhithe), CELEX:32009R1069/GA"
    Landtier
    de
    Definition Tier, das auf dem festen Land lebt Reference "Wörterbuch Deutsch ""Landtier"" http://worterbuchdeutsch.com/de/landtier (25.5.2016)"
    terrestrial animal | land animal
    en
    Definition animal that lives on land Reference " CENTERM, based on: 'terrestrial' (28.6.2019). Collins English Dictionary"
    Comment " As opposed to an aquatic, amphibious, aerial or arboreal animal. In some contexts (e.g. Regulation (EU) 2016/429 and the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code), this term also covers animals which might normally be considered aerial animals, e.g. birds and bees."
    animal terrestre
    fr
  4. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|agricultural activity|animal health

    #661020

    IATE #3581035
    ainmhí talún ar coimeád Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'I gcás go mbaineann baol suntasach i mBallstát do staid ainmhithe talún ar coimeád ó thaobh a sláinte de mar gheall ar ghalar nach galar liostaithe é, féadfaidh an Ballstát lena mbaineann bearta náisiúnta a ghlacadh chun an galar sin a rialú agus chun srian a chur ar ghluaiseachtaí ainmhithe talún ar coimeád agus ar ghluaiseachtaí táirgí geirmeacha...' Reference "Rialachán (AE) 2016/429 maidir le galair in-tarchurtha ainmhithe agus lena leasaítear agus lena n-aisghairtear gníomhartha áirithe i réimse na sláinte ainmhithe (“Dlí maidir le Sláinte Ainmhithe”), CELEX:32016R0429/GA"
    kept terrestrial animal
    en
    Definition "any bird, terrestrial mammal, bee or bumble bee kept by humans" Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination and COM-EN, based on:Article 4(2) and (5) of Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases and amending and repealing certain acts in the area of animal health (‘Animal Health Law’)"
    animaux terrestres détenus
    fr
    Definition oiseaux, mammifères terrestres, abeilles et bourdons détenus par des êtres humains Reference "COM-FR d'après: Proposition de RÈGLEMENT DU PARLEMENT EUROPÉEN ET DU CONSEIL relatif à la santé animale"
  5. ECONOMICS|economic analysis|statistics · AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES

    #631403

    IATE #1568144
    áireamh feirme Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    áireamh gabháltas talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    landwirtschaftliche Betriebszählung
    de
    farm census | census of agricultural holdings
    en
    Definition the act of counting the agricultural holdings Reference SEC:The Concise Oxford Dict.of current English,Ninth ed.,Clarendon Press,Oxford,New York,1995
    recensement des exploitations | recensement général de l'agriculture
    fr
  6. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|agricultural activity|animal health · INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS|world organisations|world organisation

    #604451

    IATE #762619
    an Cód um Shláinte na nAinmhithe Talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Gesundheitskodex für Landtiere
    de
    Terrestrial Animal Health Code | Terrestrial Code | International Animal Health Code | International Zoo-Sanitary Code
    en
    Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres | Code zoosanitaire international | Code terrestre
    fr
    Comment CONTEXT: Office international des épizooties;UPDATED: WG 01/02/2006
  7. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|agricultural activity|animal health · INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS|world organisations|world organisation

    #616513

    IATE #933977
    an Coimisiún um Chaighdeáin Sláinte na nAinmhithe Talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Coimisiún an Chóid Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Kommission über den Gesundheitskodex für Landtiere
    de
    Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission | Code Commission
    en
    Definition The Terrestrial Animal Health Standards Commission was created in 1960 and is responsible for ensuring that the Terrestrial Animal Health Code reflects current scientific information. The Terrestrial Code contains trade standards for terrestrial animals and their products. Reference "OIE (Office international des épizooties, also known as the World Organisation for Animal Health) website http://www.oie.int/eng/OIE/organisation/en_CS.htm (2/2/2006)"
    Commission des normes sanitaires pour les animaux terrestres | Commission du Code sanitaire pour les animaux terrestres | Commission du Code | Commission du Code zoosanitaire
    fr
    Comment CONTEXT: Office international des epizooties;UPDATED: WG 01.02.2006
  8. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS|international affairs|international agreement

    #533849

    IATE #805350
    an Comhaontú Idirnáisiúnta maidir le Stáisiúin Talún INMARSAT ar bord Loinge a úsáid laistigh den Fharraige Theorann agus de na Calafoirt Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Internationale Vereinbarung über die Nutzung von INMARSAT-Schiffs- Erdfunkstellen innerhalb des Küstenmeers und in Häfen
    de
    Comment CONTEXT: Kontext: Internationale Seeschiffahrtsorganisation (IMO).;MISC: London, 16.10.1985.
    International Agreement on the Use of INMARSAT Ship Earth Stations within the Territorial Sea and Ports
    en
    Accord international sur l'utilisation des stations terriennes Inmarsat de navires dans les limites de la mer territoriale et des ports
    fr
    Comment Signature: Londres, 16.10.1985
  9. LAW · LAW|justice

    #647944

    IATE #3540105
    an Comhlachas Eorpach um Chlárlann na Talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Europäische Grundbuchvereinigung | ELRA
    de
    Definition gemeinnützige Vereinigung nach belgischem Recht, der 32 Organisationen angeschlossen sind, die die Grundbuchämter von 25 europäischen Ländern repräsentieren, und deren Hauptanliegen es ist, ein Verständnis für die Rolle der Grundbucheintragung auf den Immobilien- und Kapitalmärkten zu schaffen und diese Rolle weiterzuentwickeln Reference "European E-Justice - EU-Grundbuchportal https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_land_registers_at_european_level-108-de.do (18.10.2019)"
    European Land Registry Association | ELRA
    en
    Definition international non-profit organisation representing the interests of land registries in the EU Reference "ELRA website http://www.elra.eu/ (29.11.2011)"
    Association européenne des registres fonciers | AERF
    fr
    Definition Association internationale sans but lucratif (de droit belge) qui représente les intérêts des registres fonciers dans l'UE. Reference "Voir site AERF (en anglais) http://www.elra.eu/?page_id=8 (15.12.2011)"
    Comment "Voir aussi https://e-justice.europa.eu/content_land_registers_at_european_level-108-fr.do (15.12.2011)et- IATE:879641 ""registre foncier""- IATE:2245739 ""Service européen d'information foncière/EULIS""- IATE:3540069 ""Projet LINE""."
  10. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES

    #613702

    IATE #910179
    an Córas Aitheantais le haghaidh Dáileachtaí Talún Reference "Togra le haghaidh Rialachán maidir leis an gcomhbheartas talmhaíochta a mhaoiniú, a bhainistiú agus faireachán a dhéanamh air"
    ga
    Context 'Dá bharr sin, ní foláir sonraí a thagann as an gCóras Aitheantais le haghaidh Dáileachtaí Talaimh agus as an gCóras Comhtháite Riaracháin agus Rialaithe a roinnt chun críocha comhshaoil agus aeráide ar an leibhéal náisiúnta agus ar leibhéal an Aontais.' Reference "Togra le haghaidh Rialachán maidir leis an gcomhbheartas talmhaíochta a mhaoiniú, a bhainistiú agus faireachán a dhéanamh air"
    córas aitheantais le haghaidh dáileachtaí talmhaíochta Reference "Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 1306/2013 maidir leis an gcomhbheartas talmhaíochta a mhaoiniú, a bhainistiú agus faireachán a dhéanamh air"
    ga
    System zur Identifizierung landwirtschaftlicher Parzellen | System zur Identifizierung landwirtschaftlicher Grundstücke | LPIS
    de
    Definition "ein auf Katasterpläne und -unterlagen, anderes Kartenmaterial oder Luft- oder Satellitenaufnahmen gestütztes System zur Ermittlung landwirtschaftlich genutzter Flächen, auf dessen Grundlage ""Flächenbeihilfen"" im Rahmen der GAP gewährt werden" Reference Council-DE
    Comment UPD: aih, 26.7.2012
    Land Parcel Identification System | identification system for agricultural parcels | LPIS
    en
    Definition "geographic information system within the IACS [ IATE:874544 ] which allows all agricultural parcels [ IATE:1876664 ] in Member States to be identified and recorded" Reference "Council-EN, based on: - European Commission > Agriculture and rural development > Direct support > Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS), https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/direct-support/iacs_en [16.2.2017] - European Court of Auditors, 'Special Report: The Land Parcel Identification System: a useful tool to determine the eligibility of agricultural land - but its management could be further improved', No 25, 2016, p. 6, http://www.eca.europa.eu/Lists/News/NEWS1610_25/SR_LPIS_EN.pdf [16.2.2017]"
    système d'identification des parcelles agricoles | système d'identification parcellaire
    fr
  11. LAW · LAW|sources and branches of the law|source of law · LAW|rights and freedoms

    #601186

    IATE #114306
    An tAcht um Dhíothú Beart Talún Bunaithe ar Chine Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Gesetz zur Aufhebung von auf der Rassenzugehörigkeit fußenden Grundbesitzbestimmungen
    de
    Abolition of Racially Based Land Measures Act
    en
    Comment 1991 South African law (Act No. 108) Long title: 'To repeal or amend certain laws so as to abolish certain restrictions based on race or membership of a specific population group on the acquisition and utilization of rights to land; to provide for the rationalization or phasing out of certain racially based institutions and statutory and regulatory systems; for the regulation of norms and standards in residential environments; and for the establishment of a commission under the name of the Advisory Commission on Land Allocation; and to provide for matters connected therewith.'
    Loi concernant l'abolition des dispositions foncières à base raciale
    fr
  12. LAW · LAW|justice

    #647940

    IATE #3540069
    an Tionscadal um Fhaisnéis Chláir Talún le haghaidh na hEorpa Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Land Register Information for Europe Project | LINE Project
    en
    Definition project aimed to develop a new platform for the interconnection of European Member States' land registers Reference "Council-EN, based on European Land Information Service http://eulis.eu/project-line/ [02.12.2011]"
    Comment "The new platform is expected to be operational by the beginning of 2012. Possible integration in the e-Justice Portal could be considered as from 2012.Not to be confused with the Legal Information Network in Europe IATE:933835 ."
    Projet LINE
    fr
    Definition projet visant à développer une nouvelle plate-forme pour l'interconnexion des registres fonciers des États membres, dans le cadre du portail européen e-justice Reference "Conseil-FR, d'après le site du Service européen d'information foncière (EULIS) http://eulis.eu/project-line/ (en anglais) et https://e-justice.europa.eu/home.do?action=home&plang=fr (10.2.2012)"
    Comment "Voir aussi: EULIS IATE:2245739 .Ne pas confondre avec le Réseau européen d'information juridique IATE:933835 , qui a le même acronyme en anglais."
  13. ENVIRONMENT|environmental policy|climate change policy|emission trading|EU Emissions Trading Scheme

    #660616

    IATE #3580056
    aonad maolaithe talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    land mitigation unit | LMU
    en
    Definition "a removal [ IATE:3541445 ] in excess in a Member State determined pursuant to Article 4 of Regulation (EU) 2018/841 equal to one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent [ IATE:3518035 ]" Reference " COMMISSION DELEGATED REGULATION (EU) …/... ameding [Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/XX] as regards the functioning of the Union Registry under Regulation (EU) 2018/841 of the European Parliament and the Council (22.3.2019)"
    Comment "Where the balance of the Member State LULUCF Compliance Account [ IATE:3580398 ] is positive, the Union Registry should issue Land Mitigation Units in the LULUCF Compliance Account of that Member State in the quantities determined pursuant to Article 4 of Regulation (EU) 2018/841. Land Mitigation Units should only be held in the LULUCF Compliance Accounts of the Member States in the Union Registry and their transfer should be allowed, under certain conditions and upon the request of the Member State, to its Compliance Account for compliance with obligations under Regulation (EU) 2018/842 (ESR Compliance Account [ IATE:3580385 ])."
  14. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|cultivation of agricultural land|land use · SCIENCE|natural and applied sciences|earth sciences|geography|geographical information system

    #633358

    IATE #1631677
    aonad talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Aonaid talún atá faoi réir bearta le haghaidh caomhnú éan a thuairiscítear mar éan nach bhfuil stádas slán acu faoi Airteagal 12 de Threoir 2009/147/CE d’fhonn an ceanglas faoi Airteagal 4(4), an dara habairt den Treoir sin a chomhlíonadh, in iarracht truailliú agus meathlú gnáthóige a sheachaint nó an ceanglas faoi Airteagal 3 den Treoir sin a chomhlíonadh chun éagsúlacht agus limistéar leordhóthanach gnáthóg do speicis éan a chaomhnú, agus a choinneáil ar bun...' Reference "Togra le haghaidh Rialachán lena leasaítear Rialacháin (AE) 2018/841 a mhéid a bhaineann leis an raon feidhme, lena simplítear na rialacha comhlíontachta, lena leagtar amach spriocanna na mBallstát le haghaidh 2030 agus lena ngealltar go mbainfear amach ar bhonn comhchoiteann an aeráidneodracht faoi 2035 san earnáil úsáide talún, foraoiseachta agus talmhaíochta, agus (AE) 2018/1999 a mhéid a bhaineann le feabhas a chur ar an bhfaireachán, an tuairisciú, an rianú ar dhul chun cinn agus ar an athbhreithniú, CELEX:52021PC0554/GA"
    land unit
    en
    Definition subdivision of the land within which land cover, land use and characteristic elements could be aggregated Reference European Commission. DG CLIMA. Correspondence dated 24.8.2021
  15. ENVIRONMENT|natural environment|physical environment|ecosystem

    #600761

    IATE #47323
    athbhunú talún Reference "Comhairle-GA, bunaithe ar 'athbhunú an dúlra' in Rialachán (AE) 2018/841 maidir le hastaíochtaí agus aistrithe gás ceaptha teasa ó úsáid talún, athrú ar úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht a chur san áireamh i gcreat 2030 don aeráid agus don fhuinneamh"
    ga
    Bodensanierung | Wiederherstellung von Flächen | Ödlandkultivierung
    de
    restoration | land restoration | landscape restoration
    en
    Definition process of restoration to bring an area of land back to its natural state after it has been damaged or degraded, making it safe for wildlife and flora as well as humans Reference "Council-EN based on: Investopedia > Fundamental Analysis > Sectors & Industries > Land Rehabilitation (24.5.2022)"
    Comment Although the terms 'restoration' and 'rehabilitation' are sometimes used as synonyms in this context, a distinction should be made between them on the basis that restoration attempts to return an area to good condition, while rehabilitation acknowledges that the area will be permanently altered but seeks to repair and rebuild its capacity to provide habitats for biota and services for people.
    restauration | restauration des terres | remise en état
    fr
    Definition processus d'aide au rétablissement d'un écosystème qui a été dégradé, endommagé ou détruit afin de permettre un retour à son état d'origine Reference "Conseil-FR, d'après le site des Nations unies, Convention sur la lutte contre la désertification, (CNULCD), Programme de définition des cibles de neutralité en matière de dégradation des terres (6.6.2022)"
    Comment Le but de la restauration est de rétablir la structure, la productivité et la diversité des espèces du paysage/écosystème qui étaient présents à l'origine.
  16. ECONOMICS|economic policy|economic support · AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES · SCIENCE|natural and applied sciences|life sciences

    #655162

    IATE #3567884
    bainisteoir eile talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Cabhraíonn seirbhísí comhairleacha feirme le feirmeoirí, feirmeoirí óga, sealbhóirí foraoise, bainisteoirí eile talún agus le FBManna i gceantair thuaithe le bainistiú inbhuanaithe agus feidhmiú foriomlán a ngabháltais nó a ngnó a fheabhsú.' Reference "Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 1305/2013 maidir le tacaíocht d'fhorbairt tuaithe ón gCiste Eorpach Talmhaíochta um Fhorbairt Tuaithe (CETFT) agus lena n-aisghairtear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1698/2005, CELEX:32013R1305/GA"
    other land manager
    en
    Definition an undertaking which manages land other than undertaking active in the agricultural sector Reference "Commission Regulation (EU) No 702/2014 declaring certain categories of aid in the agricultural and forestry sectors and in rural areas compatible with the internal market in application of Articles 107 and 108 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, CELEX:32014R0702/EN"
    Comment the term does not relate to administrative management, but to activities (maintaining land, carrying out economic activities, etc.)Reference: COM-HU, correspondence with DG AGRI in 2014
  17. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|cultivation of agricultural land|land use

    #633182

    IATE #1623505
    bainistiú talún féaraigh Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Bewirtschaftung von Weideland | Weidewirtschaft
    de
    Comment "siehe auch ""Weideland"" IATE:1623497"
    range management | rangeland management | range land management
    en
    Definition "use and stewardship of rangeland [ IATE:1623497 ] resources with the aim of ensuring a sustained yield of rangeland products and protecting and improving the basic range resources of soil, water, and plant and animal life" Reference "Council-EN, based on: - Lauchbaugh, K., 'What is range management?', University of Idaho, https://rem456.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/what-is-range-managementnotes2.pdf [3.7.2017] - 'rangeland', Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/science/rangeland#ref32964 [3.7.2017]"
    gestion des parcours | conduite des parcours | aménagement des parcours | aménagement pastoral
    fr
    Definition planification de l'utilisation et de la mise en valeur de terres de parcours, en vue de permettre l'adéquation la plus parfaite possible entre les besoins alimentaires saisonniers des troupeaux et la production des parcours (bétail, lait, fourrage), et de protéger et améliorer les ressources naturelles Reference "Conseil-FR, d'après Thewis A. et al., Manuel de zootechnie comparée Nord-Sud, © INRA 2005, Paris, https://books.google.be/books?id=BWPS1bihr48C&pg=PA578&lpg=PA578&dq=%22gestion+des+parcours+est%22&source=bl&ots=84dCOxCQQd&sig=jWANs83ccdFqTL7yeoav3SouNBU&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju8PSostrYAhWOPFAKHdR7COoQ6AEISTAF#v=onepage&q=%22gestion%20des%20parcours%20est%22&f=false [15.1.2018]"
    Comment "Voir parcours [ IATE:1623497 ]."
  18. ENVIRONMENT|natural environment

    #620915

    IATE #1154131
    bithmhais os cionn talún Reference "Rialachán (AE) 2018/841 maidir le hastaíochtaí agus aistrithe gás ceaptha teasa ó úsáid talún, athrú ar úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht a chur san áireamh i gcreat 2030 don aeráid agus don fhuinneamh, agus lena leasaítear Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 525/2013 agus Cinneadh Uimh. 529/2013/AE CELEX:32018R0841/GA Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex"
    ga
    Definition gach bithmhais bheo os cionn na hithreach lena n-áirítear gas, stumpa, géaga, coirt, síolta agus duilliúr Reference "an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Chomhshaoil, GEMET – General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus, https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/ga/themes/ [28/10/2019]"
    oberirdische Biomasse
    de
    Definition die gesamte lebende Biomasse oberhalb des Erdbodens einschließlich Stamm, Stumpf, Ästen, Rinde, Samen und Blattwerk Reference "Europäische Umweltagentur, GEMET – General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus, https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/de/themes/ [28/10/2019]"
    above-ground biomass
    en
    Definition "all living biomass [ IATE:753749 ] above the soil including stem, stump, branches, bark, seeds, and foliage" Reference "IPCC Good Practice Guidance for LULUCF. Chapter 3: LUCF Sector Good Practice Guidance http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gpglulucf/gpglulucf_files/Chp3/Chp3_1_Introduction.pdf [16.2.2012]"
    biomasse aérienne
    fr
    Definition "La biomasse d'un arbre comprend différents ""compartiments"":-la biomasse aérienne:-tronc-houppier(grosses branches;branches et ramilles;feuilles)-la biomasse souterraine:raci ne" Reference Solaire 1.magazine no 3,juin 79,p.38 + COMES,l'Energie verte,p.41
  20. ENVIRONMENT|natural environment · AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES

    #633084

    IATE #1622189
    brat talún Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    lebende Bodendecke | Bodenflora
    de
    ground cover | ground vegetation
    en
    Definition the herbaceous plants(including grasses and ferns)and the lowest shrubs occupying an area Reference 'Terminology of Forest Science, Technology, Practice, and Products'. F.C. Ford-Robertson (ed.). Society of American Foresters. 1971
    couverture vivante | couvert végétal
    fr
    Definition ensemble des plantes herbacées (y compris graminées et fougères) et ligneuses de faibles dimensions qui occupe un terrain Reference 1)METRO