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35 results

  1. EUROPEAN UNION|European Union law

    #587040

    IATE #3563742
    <i>acquis</i> crua Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    hard acquis
    en
    Definition all "hard law" [ IATE:918811 ] within the "Union acquis [ IATE:878385 ] Reference Council-EN, based on various sources, including: Threlfall, M., The European Union and social policy: an innovative approach to regional integration?, UNU-CRIS Occasional Papers 0-2006/14, http://www.cris.unu.edu/fileadmin/workingpapers/20060620144201.O-2006-14.pdf [15.1.2015]
    Comment 1. As opposed to "soft acquis" [ IATE:910913 ](antonym), which is a better-established concept.2. Virtual synonym of "Union law" [ IATE:3510680 ], which is generally preferable as it is an established term from the Lisbon Treaty.
    acquis contraignant
    fr
  2. FINANCE · FINANCE|monetary economics · FINANCE|monetary relations

    #529559

    IATE #762384
    airgeadra tréan
    ga
    airgeadra crua
    ga
    airgeadra crua, airgeadra tréan Reference Foclóir Staidéir Ghnó
    ga
    hard currency
    en
    Definition currency which is convertible into other currencies, and whose price in terms of other currencies is expected to remain stable or rise Reference 'hard currency' (9.8.2022), Hashimzade, N., Myles, G., and Black, J., A Dictionary of Economics (5 ed.), Oxford University Press, 2017.
    devise forte | monnaie forte
    fr
  3. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS|defence · INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS|defence|military equipment

    #581199

    IATE #3542027
    armúr colainne crua Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    hard body armour
    en
    Definition armour which is solid and not flexible since its soft armour shell contains metal plates, typically made of ballistic steel or ceramic, and is rated to protect its user from high-caliber rifle ammunition Reference Council-SK based on: Glossary of Body Armour Terms, Craig International Ballistics (21.1.2020),
    tenue de protection corporelle personnelle blindée | vêtement blindé rigide
    fr
  4. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|agricultural activity · AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|agricultural policy

    #579590

    IATE #3532234
    barr triomach-chrua Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    barr atá frithsheasmhach in aghaidh triomaigh Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    dürreresistente Pflanze
    de
    drought resistant crop
    en
    Definition crop that is adapted to arid or drought conditions Reference COM-EN, based on:Wikipedia > Drought tolerance. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drought_resistance [30.3.2011]
    variété résistant à la sécheresse | plante tolérante à la sécheresse | culture tolérante à la sécheresse | plante résistante à la sécheresse | plante tolérant la sécheresse | végétal résistant à la sécheresse | culture résistante à la sécheresse | variété résistante à la sécheresse | variété tolérante à la sécheresse
    fr
    Definition plante/végétal capable de s'adapter à la sécheresse ou à l'aridité Reference COM-FR, d'après COM-EN [14.8.2012]
  6. EUROPEAN UNION|European construction|enlargement of the Union|European Union membership

    #590487

    IATE #3570939
    Brexit crua Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Seachas 'Brexit crua', níl aon rogha eile ann seachas 'Brexit ar bith'. Fiú más beag duine a chreideann ina leithéid anois”, a dúirt Donald Tusk, Uachtarán na Comhairle Eorpaí san óráid a thug sé ag Ionad Beartais na hEorpa sa Bhruiséil.' Reference 'Brexit,' an Chomhairle Eorpach, Comhairle an Aontais Eorpaigh, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/policies/eu-uk-after-referendum/ [5.10.2018]
    sauberer Brexit | harter Brexit
    de
    hard Brexit | clean Brexit
    en
    Definition form of Brexit [ IATE:3566351 ] in which, following a transitional period, the United Kingdom leaves the European Union, the Single Market and the Customs Union with the intention of securing a free trade deal with the EU, ideally covering both goods and services Reference COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: - UK in a Changing Europe. What is hard Brexit? http://ukandeu.ac.uk/fact-figures/what-is-hard-brexit/ [5.12.2018] - Leicester Mercury. ‘Soft Brexit, Hard Brexit, No Deal: A short summary of EU exit terms in 263 words’ https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/news/leicester-news/meaning-soft-hard-brexit-deal-1819012 [5.12.2018]
    Comment In some quarters 'hard Brexit' and 'no-deal Brexit' [ IATE:3573347 ] are used interchangeably. However, a distinction is being drawn here between a situation in which a deal is reached that includes a transitional period ('hard Brexit') and one in which no deal is reached and there is no transitional period ('no-deal Brexit').
    Brexit dur | hard Brexit
    fr
    Definition forme de Brexit impliquant la sortie du Royaume-Uni du marché unique européen – les relations du Royaume-Uni avec l’UE ne seraient alors plus régies que par les règles de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce –, voire de l’Union douanière européenne, et le refus d’un compromis sur la libre circulation des Européens entre le Royaume-Uni et le continent Reference COM-FR, d'après un article de Philippe Bernard intitulé «Hard Brexit, soft Brexit, quelles sont les différences ?» (16.1.2017), Le Monde, https://www.lemonde.fr/referendum-sur-le-brexit/article/2017/01/16/hard-brexit-soft-brexit-quelles-sont-les-differences_5063641_4872498.html [30.11.2018]
    Comment Voir aussi: - Brexit [IATE:3566351 ] - Brexit doux [IATE:3570938 ]
  7. EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS|information technology and data processing|computer system|information technology applications · FINANCE|financial institutions and credit|financial services · FINANCE|free movement of capital|financial market

    #597704

    IATE #3591043
    caidhp chrua Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'I gcás inarb infheidhme, an méid atá beartaithe a thiomsú leis an tairiscint in airgeadra fiat nó in aon chriptea-shócmhainn eile. I gcás inarb infheidhme, aon chaidhp bhog (an t‑íosmhéid is gá chun an tionscadal a chur i gcrích) nó caidhp chrua (an t‑uasmhéid a thairgfear don phobal) arna socrú maidir le criptea-shócmhainní a thairiscint don phobal.' Reference Togra le haghaidh Rialachán maidir le Margaí i gcriptea-shócmhainní, agus lena leasaítear Treoir (AE) 2019/1937, CELEX:52020PC0593/GA
    uastairseach Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Obergrenze
    de
    Definition Höchstbetrag des öffentlichen Angebots von Kryptowerten Reference Vorschlag für eine VERORDNUNG DES EUROPÄISCHEN PARLAMENTS UND DES RATES über Märkte für Kryptowerte und zur Änderung der Richtlinie (EU) 2019/1937
    hard cap
    en
    Definition maximum amount an issuer of crypto-assets intends to raise Reference COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: Proposal for a Regulation on Markets in Crypto-assets, and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937, Annex I
    plafond fixe | hard cap
    fr
    Definition montant maximal de l’offre de crypto-actifs au public Reference COM-FR, d'après Proposition de règlement sur les marchés de crypto-actifs
  8. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|pharmaceutical industry

    #587820

    IATE #3566125
    capsúl gastraifhriotaíoch crua Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    magensaftresistente Hartkapsel
    de
    gastro-resistant capsule, hard
    en
    Definition solid single-dose, delayed-release pharmaceutical form1 in a hard shell, for oral administration, which is intended to resist the gastric fluid and to release the active substance(s) in the intestinal fluid1pharmaceutical form [ IATE:1106950 ] Reference COM-Terminology Coordination, based on:European Pharmacopoeia. Standard Terms, https://standardterms.edqm.eu/ [5.8.2015]
    gélule gastro-résistante | gélule gastro-résistante dure
    fr
    capsulă gastrorezistentă
    la
  10. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|forestry · INDUSTRY|wood industry|wood industry · SCIENCE|natural and applied sciences|life sciences

    #551539

    IATE #1240930
    crann crua-adhmaid Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Laubbaum
    de
    hardwood tree | dicot tree | hardwood | hardwoods
    en
    Definition angiosperm tree Reference COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: Horizon. 'Hardwood Vs. Softwood: Understanding The Difference, Part 1' (5.7.2022)
    Comment Wood hardness varies among the hardwood species, and some are actually softer than some softwoods.
    feuillu | arbre feuillu
    fr
    Definition arbre produisant des feuilles bien développées, par opposition aux conifères ou résineux dont la forme des feuilles est réduite à des aiguilles, perdant ses feuilles, sensible au gel ou au dessèchement, et se dispensant ainsi de les protéger Reference Wikipedia > Feuillu, http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feuillu [23.6.2014]
  11. INDUSTRY|iron, steel and other metal industries

    #554504

    IATE #1347570
    cróimiam crua Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Hartverchromung
    de
    hard chromium
    en
    Definition a coating of chromium of thickness greater than 25 microns applied for resistance to wear and corrosion Reference Multilingual Aeronautical Dictionary(AGARD,1980)
    chrome dur
    fr
  12. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|forestry · INDUSTRY|wood industry|wood industry

    #556953

    IATE #1418436
    crua-adhmad Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Dear agus déan déantúsán chun ócáid shuntasach stairiúil de do rogha féin a chomóradh. Ba chóir go mbeadh cuma chuanna ar an déantúsán, ba chóir cur lena mhaise le crua-adhmad dúchasach Éireannach agus ba chóir go mbeadh raon de scileanna lámhcheardaíochta san áireamh ann.' Reference 'Teicneolaíocht Ábhar - Adhmad - Obair Chúrsa - Achoimrí Dearaidh', https://www.examinations.ie/misc-doc/IR-EX-83425812.pdf [19.2.2016]
    Laubholz
    de
    Definition Holz der Laubbäume Reference Wikipedia, s. v. "Laubholz", http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laubholz (3.6.2014)
    hardwood timber | hardwood lumber | hardwood
    en
    Definition timber obtained from angiosperms (broad-leaved dicotyledonous trees) Reference COM-EN, based on: "hardwood". A Dictionary of Construction, Surveying and Civil Engineering. Christopher Gorse, David Johnston, and Martin Pritchard, Oxfrod University Press, 2012. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199534463.001.0001/acref-9780199534463-e-3236?rskey=HBeYyW&result=4 [27.5.2014]
    Comment The use of the term "hardwood" is entirely arbitrary; balsa wood is a hardwood, while wood from paraña pine, which is used to make staircases and furniture, is a softwood because the tree is a gymnosperm. Note Reference: "hardwood". A Dictionary of Environment and Conservation (2ed.) Chris Park and Michael Allaby, Oxford University Press, 2013. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199641666.001.0001/acref-9780199641666-e-3609?rskey=HBeYyW&result=3 [27.5.2014]
    bois franc | bois dur | bois feuillu | bois de feuillus
    fr
    Definition bois provenant d'essences forestières dites feuillus, appartenant à la classe des Angiospermes Reference Dictionnaire forestier multilingue, A. Metro, 1975, CILF
  13. PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH|technology and technical regulations|technical regulations · TRANSPORT|organisation of transport|means of transport

    #573479

    IATE #3508228
    crua-adhmad lannach Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    laminated hardwood
    en
  14. INDUSTRY|wood industry|wood industry

    #563236

    IATE #1622258
    crua-chlár Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Hartplatte | Hartfaserplatte
    de
    Masonite | hardboard
    en
    Definition stiff fibreboard1 made of compressed and treated wood pulp, with a density of 900-1100 kg/m31 fibreboard [ IATE:1621783 ] Reference COM-EN, based on:- 'hardboard'. Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/hardboard |18.1.2016]- Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Production of Wood–based Panels, European Commission, Joint Research Centre. 2014 http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/WBP_online.pdf [21.10.2015]
    Comment Wet wood fibres are obtained by refining green wood chips. Water is added to obtain the pulp. The pulp is pumped out on a sieve to form the mat, which is dewatered by a calendar press to a dry content of around 40%. The panel is cured by applying high pressure and elevated temperatures in a multi-opening press.The appearance of the board comes from applying high pressure, which gives the characteristic pattern of the Fourdrinier sieve on the back and a smooth glossy top (see the graphic for examples of hardboards).Hardboard was the first panel variety to be produced on an industrial scale. It was invented in the early 1930s and patented under the name Masonite. Hardboard is produced in several value-added varieties, e.g. tempered hardboard, and in a small range of thicknesses up to 5.5 mm. Mediumboard [ IATE:1622259 ] has a density of 400-900 kg/m3, and softboard [ IATE:1251566 ] has a density of 140-400 kg/m3.
    panneau de fibres dur | : panneau de fibres dures | panneau de fibre dur | panneau dur
    fr
    Definition panneau fabriqué par procédé humide à partir de fibres ligneuses imbriquées sous l’effet de la chaleur et de la pression dans une presse à chaud et dont la masse volumique est supérieure ou égale à 900 kg/m³ Reference COM-FR d’après:1. Glossaire du Conseil canadien du bois > panneau dur, http://cwc.ca/fr/support-technique/glossaire/#P [10.11.2015]2. Panneaux de fibres, Centre technique du bois et de l’ameublement (2007), http://www.cndb.org/live/produits_et_materiaux/panneaux_derives_bois/panneaux_fibres.pdf [10.11.2015]
    Comment Voir aussi: panneau de fibres [ IATE:1621783 ]
  15. EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS|information technology and data processing

    #557617

    IATE #1440603
    crua-earraí Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Níor cheart feidhmiúlachtaí teicneolaíocha agus comhéadain teicneolaíocha nach ndéanann ach crua-earraí agus feidhmchláir a nascadh a chumhdach leis an Rialachán seo, toisc nach gnách go gcomhlíontar leo na ceanglais maidir le seirbhísí idirghabhála ar líne.' Reference Rialachán (AE) 2019/1150 maidir le cothroime agus trédhearcacht a chur chun cinn d’úsáideoirí gnó a bhaineann úsáid as seirbhísí idirghabhála ar líne, CELEX:32019R1150/GA
    crua-earraí ríomhaire Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Ciallaíonn “córas oibriúcháin”, bogearraí, inter alia, a láimhsíonn an comhéadan le crua-earraí forimeallacha, a leithdháileann cúraimí sceidil agus stóras, agus a chuireann comhéadan mainneachtana ar fáil don úsáideoir nuair nach bhfuil feidhmchláir á reáchtáil, lena n-áirítear comhéadan úsáideora grafach, is cuma an cuid dhílis de chrua-earraí ríomhaire cuspóra ghinearálta do thomhaltóirí a leithéid de bhogearraí, nó an bogearraí saorsheasaimh a bheartaítear a reáchtáil ar chrua-earraí ríomhaire cuspóra ghinearálta do thomhaltóirí atá ann; ach ní áirítear leis lódálaí córas oibriúcháin, córas bunúsach ionchuir/aschuir, córas nó dochtearraí eile a bhíonn ag teastáil ag am bútála nó nuair a bhíonn an córas oibriúcháin á shuiteáil...' Reference Treoir (AE) 2019/882 i ndáil leis na ceanglais inrochtaineachta le haghaidh táirgí agus seirbhísí, CELEX:32019L0882/GA
    Hardware
    de
    Definition sämtliche technischen (physikalischen) Teile einer Datenverarbeitungsanlage, im Gegensatz zur Software (s.d.)(1);Gesamtheit oder Teil der apparativen Ausstattung von Rechensystemen(2) Reference LDVA;DIN 443OO
    hardware | computer hardware
    en
    Definition physical parts or components of a computer Reference 'Computer hardware'. Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware [1.3.2018]
    Comment See also: Tim Fisher, 'Everything You Need to Know About Computer Hardware', Lifewire, 15 February 2018, https://www.lifewire.com/computer-hardware-2625895 [1.3.2018]
    matériel de traitement de l'information | matériel
    fr
    Definition ensemble ou élément physique employé en traitement de l'information, par opposition aux programmes de calculateur, procédés, règles, et à la documentation associée Reference Z 61-000:décembre 1981,Vocabulaire international de l'informatique
  16. TRANSPORT|air and space transport

    #554506

    IATE #1347575
    crua-earraí Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    earraí crua Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Beschlagteile
    de
    hardware
    en
    Definition all metal parts used with parachutes Reference Multilingual Aeronautical Dictionary(AGARD,1980)
    bouclerie
    fr
  18. EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS|information and information processing|information processing|artificial intelligence

    #597988

    IATE #3591840
    crua-earraí le haghaidh optamú intleachta saorga Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    KI-gestützte Hardware
    de
    AI-based hardware
    en
    Definition type of AI accelerator, such as a microprocessor or microchip, designed to enable faster processing of AI applications Reference medium.com > sciforce > AI Hardware and the Battle for More Computational Power, November 2019 (16.11.2020)
    Comment Such hardware is typically used in machine learning, neural networks and computer vision.They are usually designed as manycore1 and focus on low-precision arithmetic, novel dataflow architectures or in-memory computing capability.
    matériel optimisé pour l'IA | matériel fondé sur l'IA
    fr
  19. AGRI-FOODSTUFFS|plant product|cereals · AGRI-FOODSTUFFS|plant product|cereals|wheat|durum wheat

    #531361

    IATE #782902
    dúram Reference Rialachán (AE) 2018/1091 maidir le staidreamh comhtháite feirme agus lena n-aisghairtear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1166/2008 agus Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 1337/2011, CELEX:32018R1091/GAFaomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    cruithneacht chrua Reference Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 1308/2013 lena mbunaítear comheagraíocht na margaí i dtáirgí talmhaíochta agus lena n-aisghaitear Rialacháin (CEE)Uimhi 922/72. (CEE) Uimh. 234/79, (CE) Uimh. 1037/2001, agus (CE) Uimh. 1234/2007 ón gComhairle, CELEX:32013R1308/GAFaomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Tuaslagán téite de phlúr na cruithneachta crua, dúram. Baintear feidhm as chun pasta is milseán ar bhainne a dhéanamh.' Reference 'seimilín'. Hussey, M. Fréamh an Eolais. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath, 2011.
    cruithneacht dúraim Reference Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 543/2009 maidir le staidreamh i ndáil le barra agus lena n-aisghairtear Rialachán (CEE) Uimh. 837/90 ón gComhairle agus Rialachán (CEE) Uimh. 959/93 ón gComhairle, CELEX:32009R0543/GAFaomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Meascán uisce, plúir chrua (ón gcruithneacht dúraim) agus uaireanta uibheacha, a saothraíodh ar dtús san Iodáil.' Reference 'pasta'. Hussey, M. Fréamh an Eolais. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath, 2011.
    Definition cineál cruithneachta le toilleadh mór próitéine a n-úsáidtear an plúr uaithi le haghaidh pasta Reference 'dúram'. Hussey, M. Fréamh an Eolais. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath, 2011.
    Hartweizen
    de
    Comment XREF: Weichweizen (Triticum aestivum) IATE:776197
    hard wheat | durum wheat | flint wheat | durum
    en
    Definition wheat of a variety having hard seeds rich in gluten and yielding a flour used for the production of pasta Reference COM-IT based on ’durum’ (5.11.2019). Oxford English Dictionary online. Oxford University Press
    blé dur | froment dur
    fr
    Definition blé dont les grains sont plus durs que ceux du blé tendre, dont les épis possèdent de longues pointes effilées et dont la richesse en protéines est propice à la fabrication de pâtes alimentaires Reference COM-FR, d'après le site Passion Céréales > La filière > Le blé dur (8.11.2019)
    Comment Les pointes effilées du blé dur sont appelées «barbes», ce qui lui vaut le surnom de «blé barbu» (site Passions Céréales > La filière > Le blé dur (8.11.2019)). Voir schéma pages 2 et 6 du document La Filière Blé dur, Joël Abecassis, 24.11.2015, INRA-UMR IATE (Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies) Le plus souvent, la littérature spécialisée indique que le blé dur est utilisé exclusivement pour fabriquer de la semoule et des pâtes alimentaires, mais il semble qu'il puisse servir également à la fabrication de pain, viennoiseries, brioches ou biscuits. Voir pages 19 à 21 du document La Filière Blé dur, Joël Abecassis, 24.11.2015, INRA-UMR IATE (Unité Mixte de Recherche Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Émergentes) (8.11.2019) Voir aussi: semoule de blé dur
    Triticum durum | Triticum turgidum subsp. durum
    la
    Comment TISLat (AUG75); MC (JUN10) [10-129]
  20. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS · POLITICS|political framework|political power

    #542819

    IATE #932197
    cumhacht chrua Reference Aitheasc a thug an tUachtarán Donald Tusk ag Die Europa Rede, Beirlín, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/press/press-releases/2015/11/10/tusk-speech-europa-rede/ [28.8.2018]
    ga
    Context Ach ní gá go gciallódh teorainneacha seachtracha ballaí. Is meascán a theastaítear de bhonneagar agus de bheartas casta, inar gá cumhacht bhog, cumhacht eacnamaíoch agus cumhacht chrua a úsáid, mar shampla i gcoinne smuigléirí, agus chun ár rialacha agus ár ndlíthe a chur i bhfeidhm. Is beartas é chun an Eoraip a chosaint, ní beartas in éadan teifeach, mar níl iontu ach íospartaigh a bhfuil cabhair uathu, ach is beartas é atá i gcoinne na ndaoine sin is cúis le mór-éalú seo na dteifeach agus ar mian leo é a úsáid chun a leasa féin. Reference Aitheasc a thug an tUachtarán Donald Tusk ag Die Europa Rede, Beirlín, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ga/press/press-releases/2015/11/10/tusk-speech-europa-rede/ [28.8.2018]
    Hard Power
    de
    Definition 1) Ausübung von Macht durch Zwangsmaßnahmen militärischer oder ökonomischer Art2) Möglichkeit, anderen zu drohen oder diese mit militärischen Mitteln zu kontrollieren Reference 1) Center for Security Studies der ETH Zürich http://www.css.ethz.ch/publications/pdfs/Bulletin-1999-Information-als-Machtfaktor.pdf (23.08.13) 2) K. Roggenkamp, Konzepte von Soft Power http://www.grin.com/de/e-book/886/konzepte-von-soft-power (8.7.2016)
    Comment Kontext: internationale Beziehungen;Ggs.: Soft Power IATE:932196 ;XREF: Network Power IATE:932199
    hard power
    en
    Definition use of coercive force to obtain the outcomes one wants Reference Based on Hard Power, Soft Power and the Goals of Diplomacy, Robert Cooper in David Held/Mathias Koenig-Archibugi (eds), American Power in the 21st Century, 2004, pp. 167-180, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/CooperarticleGoalsofdiplomacyweb.pdf (4.1.2011)
    "hard power" | pouvoir de contraindre
    fr
    Definition pouvoir de coercition par la force ou par la menace Reference Conseil-FR