Gaois

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55 results

  1. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology
    imdhíonacht Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Maidir le vacsaíní frithchonfaidh a thugtar do pheataí de na speicis atá liostaithe i gCuid A d’Iarscríbhinn I roimh aois trí mhí, d’fhéadfadh sé nach dtabharfadh na vacsaíní sin imdhíonacht chosantach de bharr iad a bheith in iomaíocht le hantasubstaintí de chuid na máthar. Dá dheasca sin, molann monaróirí gan peataí óga a vacsaíniú roimh an aois sin. Dá bhrí sin, chun gluaiseacht neamhthráchtála peataí óga de na speicis atá liostaithe i gCuid A d’Iarscríbhinn I nach bhfuil vacsaínithe, nó atá vacsaínithe ach nach bhfuil imdhíonacht chosantach faighte acu go fóill i gcoinne an chonfaidh a údarú, ba cheart don Rialachán seo bearta áirithe réamhchúraim atá le déanamh a bhunú agus an fhéidearthacht a thabhairt do na Ballstáit an ghluaiseacht sin isteach ina gcríoch a údarú i gcás ina gcomhlíonann peataí óga na bearta sin.' Reference "Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 576/2013 maidir le gluaiseacht neamhthráchtála peataí agus lena n-aisghairtear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 998/2003, CELEX:32013R0576/GA"
    Immunität
    de
    Definition durch Immunisierung herbeigeführte und durch Auftreten spezifischer Antikörper und Zellen gekennzeichnete veränderte Reaktionsbereitschaft des Immunsystems gegenüber Antigenen (z.B.Viren, Bakterien, Fremdeiweiß) Reference Roche-Lexikon Medizin,2.Auflage,1991,Urban&Schwarzenberg,München
    immunity
    en
    Definition state of protection against an infectious disease conferred either through an immune response generated by immunisation or previous infection or by other non-immunological factors Reference "David Baxter. ‘Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing’ (29.1.2021). Occupational Medicine, Volume 57, Issue 8, December 2007, pp. 552-556."
    immunité
    fr
    Definition pour un microorganisme producteur d'antibiotique ou de bactériocine, résistance à l'effet létal de ces produits Reference Dict.de génétique,CILF,1991
  2. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science
    antasubstaint IgE Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    antasubstaint den ghlóbailin imdhíonachta E Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    immunoglobulin E antibody | IgE-antibody
    en
    Definition "during sensitisation, antibody [ IATE:1073776 ] produced by plasma cells which is capable of binding a specific allergen [ IATE:1353570 ] via its Fab portion" Reference "COM-EN, based on:World Allergy Organisation. IgE in Clinical Allergy and Allergy Diagnosis http://www.worldallergy.org/professional/allergic_diseases_center/ige/ [27.3.2012]"
    anticorps de l'immunoglobuline E
    fr
  3. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|illness|infectious disease · SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|health policy|organisation of health care|disease prevention|vaccination
    bearna imdhíonachta Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    immunity gap
    en
    Definition insufficient individual protection provided by the immune system against a disease Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: Romain Paillot, Dion Garrett , Maria R. Lopez-Alvarez, Ihlan Birand, Fernando Montesso and Linda Horspool. 'The Immunity Gap Challenge: Protection against a Recent Florida Clade 2 Equine Influenza Strain' (24.11.2021). Vaccines 2018, 6(3), 38"
    Comment This is particular important for diseases for which there are vaccines, since this gap can be closed
  4. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science
    córas imdhíonachta Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Má chaitheann tú tobac taobh istigh, cuireann tú na daoine is gaire duit i mbaol mar go gcuireann do dheatach athláimhe isteach ar an chosaint nádúrtha atá ag an gcorp dul i ngleic le hionfhabhtuithe ar nós an choróinvíris. Tá leanaí ach go háirithe i mbaol deataigh athláimhe toisc go mbíonn siad ag análú níos tapúla agus go bhfuil a scamhóga, aerbhealaí agus córas imdhíonachta fós ag forbairt.' Reference "'Feidhmeannach na Seirbhíse Sláinte,' https://www2.hse.ie/gaeilge/coroinvireas/stop-ag-caitheamh-tobac-le-linn-rig-an-chorinvris.html [30.9.2020]"
    córas imdhíonach Reference 'córas imdhíonach'. Hussey, M. Fréamh an Eolais. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath, 2011. ;Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Maidir le híogrú craicinn, tá céim ionduchtaithe de dhíth ina bhféadfaidh an córas imdhíonach frithghníomhú...' Reference "Rialachán (CE) uimh. 1272/2008 Rialachán (CE) uimh. 1272/2008, CELEX:32008R1272/GA"
    Definition an córas inmheánach sa cholainn dhaonna a dhéanann í a chosaint Reference 'córas imdhíonach'. Hussey, M. Fréamh an Eolais. Coiscéim, Baile Átha Cliath, 2011.
    immune system
    en
    Definition host defense system comprising many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against disease Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: Wikipedia > Immune system (5.5.2020)"
    Comment "It comprises numerous sensors and effectors grouped into innate immunity and adaptive immunity."
    système immunitaire
    fr
    Definition Ensemble des tissus lymphoïdes assurant par des réactions immunologiques la protection d'un organisme contre toute intrusion de substance organique étrangère dans son milieu intérieur. Reference ---
  5. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science · SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology
    córas imdhíonachta inbheirthe Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    angeborenes Immunsystem | unspezifisches Immunsystem
    de
    Definition "der nicht erregerspezifische angeborene Teil des Immunsystems, der bei Antigen-Erstkontakt aufgrund der verzögerten Antikörperproduktion des spezifischen Systems die initiale Komponente der Immunantwort stellt: vgl. spezifisches Immunsystem [IATE:1128235 ]" Reference "Nach: DocCheck Flexikon, „Unspezifische Immunreaktion“, http://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Angeborene_Immunreaktion (31.10.2015)"
    Comment "Man unterscheidet zwei Arten angeborerner Immunreaktion: die durch Granulozyten, Monozyten, Makrophagen, NK-Zellen vermittelte zelluläre Immunantwort und die durch Komplementsystem, Lysozym, Interferone vermittelte humorale Immunantwort. Granulozyt [ IATE:1158780 ] Monozyt [ IATE:1431865 ] Makrophage [ IATE:3510214 ] NK-Zelle [ IATE:1186855 ] zelluläre Immunität [ IATE:1528623 ] Komplementsystem [ IATE:1073801 ] Interferon [ IATE:1529957 ] humorale Immunantwort [ IATE:1528606 ]"
    innate immune system | non-specific immune system
    en
    Definition "subsystem of the overall immune system that comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms in a non-specific manner as it relies on the recognition of particular types of molecules that are common to many pathogens but are absent in the host and therefore, unlike the adaptive immune system (which is found only in vertebrates), does not confer long-lasting or protective immunity to the host" Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on:- Wikipedia > Innate immune system (4.3.2021)- Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002.'Innate Immunity.' (3.3.2021)"
    Comment "These pathogen-associated molecules (called pathogen-associated immunostimulants) stimulate two types of innate immune responses—inflammatory responses and phagocytosis by cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. Both of these responses can occur quickly, even if the host has never been previously exposed to a particular pathogen.The innate immune responses are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. They are also required to initiate specific adaptive immune responses"
    système immunitaire inné | système immunitaire naturel | système immunitaire non spécifique
    fr
    Definition système immunitaire adapté à la défense de plusieurs types d'antigènes Reference Lexique des sciences biologiques, Ph. Bourbeau et P. Quirion, Éd. Brault et Bourthillier, 2ème éd. (1996), ISBN: 2-7615-0153-5
    Comment "Le système immunitaire est l'ensemble des organes lymphoïdes qui assurent la protection d'un organisme contre les agressions extérieures.(Source: ibidem)Voir aussi: système immunitaire adaptatif [ IATE:1128235 ]"
  6. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science · SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology
    freagairt imdhíonachta Reference "'Galar Tógálach a Bhainistiú i Scoileanna,' Feidhmeannacht na Seirbhíse Sláinte, http://www.hpsc.ie/a-z/lifestages/schoolhealth/File,14939,en.pdf [1.8.2018];Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex"
    ga
    imoibriú imdhíoneolaíoch Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Immunantwort | Immunreaktion | Immunmechanismus
    de
    Definition Reaktion des Immunsystems auf fremde Zellen oder Substanzen wie Allergene, Bakterien, Parasiten, Pilze, Tumorzellen, Viren Reference "Biologie.Schule.de > Immunreaktion (Immunantwort), http://www.biologie-schule.de/immunreaktion.php (20.5.2016)"
    immune response | immune reaction | immune mechanism | immunological reaction
    en
    Definition reaction of the body to an antigen, such as bacteria, virus, parasite, allergen, or tumour cell Reference "Queensland Institute of Medical Research > Glossary of research terms, http://www.qimr.edu.au/page/Our_Research/Glossary_of_research_terms/ [22.1.2014]"
    Comment "The immune response can be divided into several phases – the ""innate"" first response, mediated by cells able to destroy and phagocytose (engulf) a large range of foreign organisms; the secondary, ""adaptive"" response, characterised by the generation of antibodies and T cells that are specific for the antigen; and a third, ""suppression"" phase, where the production of immune cells reverts to normal (homeostasis), and the information necessary to mount a future immune response to that antigen is retained in bone marrow memory cells"
    réponse immunitaire | mécanisme immunitaire | réaction immunitaire | réaction immunologique | réponse immune | réponse immunologique | immunoréaction
    fr
  7. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology
    freagairt cheallach Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    freagairt imdhíonachta cheallach Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    zelluläre Immunantwort | zellvermittelte Immunantwort | Zellantwort | Reaktion der Zelle | Antwort der Zelle
    de
    Definition Die zelluläre Immunantwort spielt eine Rolle bei Transplantationsabstossung, Autoimmunerkrankungen und bei chronischen bakteriellen Infektionen. Reference Lex.Biochemie
    cellular response | cellular immune response | cell-mediated immune response
    en
    Definition "production of T-cells, macrophages and cytokines by the adaptive immune system as a response to viral infection" Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: - WHO. 'Update on COVID-19 vaccines & immune response' (14.6.2021). LAST UPDATE: 28 February 2020- Lumen. 'Cell-Mediated Immune Response' (14.6.2021)"
    réponse immunitaire cellulaire | réaction immunitaire à médiation cellulaire | réaction à médiation cellulaire | réponse | réponse de la cellule
    fr
  8. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science · SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology
    freagairt phró-athlastach Reference "Faofa ag an gCoiste Téarmaíochta, www.tearma.ieFaomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex"
    ga
    freagairt imdhíonachta phró-athlastach Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    pro-inflammatory response | pro-inflammatory immune response
    en
    Definition "biological response of the immune system that may lead to inflammation if the cause that triggers it is not cleared by the immune system" Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: Cicchese JM, Evans S, Hult C, et al., 'Dynamic balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory signals controls disease and limits pathology' (3.2.2021), Immunological Reviews, 2018;285(1):147-167, doi:10.1111/imr.12671"
  9. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science
    galar uath-imdhíonachta Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    neamhord uath-imdhíonachta Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Autoimmunkrankheit | Autoimmunerkrankung | Autoaggressionskrankheit | Autoimmunopathie | Autoaggressionserkrankung
    de
    Definition Erkrankung infolge Aufhebung der natürlichen Immuntoleranz gegen körpereigene Substanzen Reference Umschau 21/84, S. 649
    autoimmune disease | auto-immune | autoimmune disorder | AID
    en
    Definition one of a number of otherwise unrelated disorders caused by inflammation and destruction of tissues by the body's own immune response Reference """autoimmune disease"" Concise Medical Dictionary. OUP, 2007. Oxford Reference Online. DGT. 19.12.2007: http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t60.e852"
    Comment These disorders include acquired haemolytic anaemia, pernicious anaemia, rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, Sjögren's syndrome, and several forms of thyroid dysfunction, including Hashimoto's disease. It is not known why the body should lose the ability to distinguish between substances that are ‘self’ and those that are ‘non‐self’.
    maladie auto-immune | autoimmune maladies auto-immunes autoimmunes
    fr
    Definition Maladie s'accompagnant d'une immunisation contre des constituants de l'organisme même du malade;Maladie causée par l'existence dans l'organisme d' anticorps humoraux ou de cellules lymphoïdes immunocompétentes dirigées contre certains sites antigéniques de ses propres tissus. Reference Manuila A., Dictionnaire français de médecine et de biologie, éd. Masson, Paris, 1971
    Comment Il convient de distinguer la simple réaction auto-immune de la maladie auto-immune. La réaction auto-immune est la présence d' auto-anticorps sans conséquence pathologique alors que dans la maladie auto-immune, la réponse immunitaire s'accompagne de phénomènes pathologiques.
  10. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology
    glóbailin imdhíonachta Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Más féidir, déanfar an sásra imdhíoneolaíoch (trí mheán ceall/lionnach, aicmí logánta/ginearálta de ghlóbailin imdhíonachta) a dhéantar a thosú tar éis gur tugadh an táirge íocshláinte tréidliachta imdhíoneolaíoch do na spriocainmhithe trí bhealach tabhartha molta a shonrú agus a dhoiciméadú.' Reference "Rialachán (AE) 2019/6 maidir le táirgí íocshláinte tréidliachta agus lena n-aisghairtear Treoir 2001/82/CE, CELEX:32019R0006/GA"
    Immunoglobulin | Immunglobulin
    de
    immunoglobulin | immune globuline | immuno-globulin | immunoglobin
    en
    Definition glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which function as antibodies Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on:Dr. Gene Mayer. University of South Carolina. School of Medicine. Microbiology and Immunology On-line. Immunology Chapter 4 - Immunoglobulins: Structure and Function (12.5.2020)"
    Comment "At one time, gamma-globulins came to be used as a synonym for immunoglobulins since most immunoglobulins are gamma globulins and conversely most gamma globulins are immunoglobulins. But since some immunoglobulins exhibit an alpha or beta electrophoretic mobility, that usage is in decline. Ref: Reference.MD > 'gamma globulin (12.5.2020)' See also:- antigenic determinant (related)All antibodies are immunoglobulins but not all immunoglobulins are antibodiesReference: Easy Biology Class. Difference between Antibody and Immunoglobulin (24.11.2020)"
    immunoglobuline
    fr
    Ig
    mul
  11. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science
    IgE Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    glóbailin imdhíonachta E Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    IgE | Immunoglobin E | Reagin
    de
    IgE | immunoglobulin IgE | immunoglobulin E
    en
    Definition "class of antibody [ IATE:1073776 ] that has been found only in mammals and which mainly provides immunity to parasites and plays an essential role in sensitisation [ IATE:870609 ] to an allergen [ IATE:1353570 ]" Reference "COM-EN, based on:Wikipedia. Immunoglobulin E http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E [27.3.2012]"
    Comment "Different allergens stimulate the production of corresponding allergen-specific IgE antibodies. Once formed and released into the circulation, IgE binds, through its Fc portion, to high affinity receptors on mast cells, leaving its allergen specific receptor site available for future interaction with allergen. Other cells known to express high-affinity receptors for IgE include basophils, Langerhans cells and activated monocytes. Production of allergen specific IgE-antibodies completes the immune response known as sensitisation [ IATE:870609 ].Ref.: World Allergy Association. http://www.worldallergy.org/professional/allergic_diseases_center/ige/ [27.3.2012]"
    IgE | immunoglobuline E
    fr
    Definition substance appartenant à la famille des anticorps et produite par certains globules blancs, les lymphocytes B Reference FRM,Gloss.textes scientifiques,mars 1998
  12. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science
    IgG Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    glóbailin imdhíonachta G Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Immunglobulin G | Gammaglobulin
    de
    immunoglobulin G | IgG | immunoglobulin gamma | gamma globulin | IgG antibody
    en
    Definition "type of antibody [ IATE:1073776 ] made of four peptide chains, two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains arranged in a Y-like shape" Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on:Wikipedia. Immunoglobulin G, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G [4.7.2018]"
    Comment "Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells. Each IgG has two antigen binding sites.Reference: Wikipedia. Immunoglobulin G, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G [4.7.2018]"
    IgG | gammaglobuline | immunoglobuline G | gamma globuline
    fr
    Definition classe d'immunoglobulines contenant deux chaînes lourdes et deux chaînes légères, de très faible concentration sérique, et qui contiennent 11 pour cent de glucides Reference Manuila,vol.8,p.486
  13. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science
    haemaiteolaíocht imdhíonachta Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Immunhämatologie
    de
    immunohematology
    en
    Definition branch of hematology which studies antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders Reference "SteadyHealth.com Encyclopedia > Immunohematology, http://www.steadyhealth.com/encyclopedia/Immunohematology (1.9.2009)"
    immunohématologie
    fr
    Definition partie de l'hématologie traitant des processus immunologiques normaux et pathologiques Reference Manuila,vol.8,p.486
  14. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science · SCIENCE|natural and applied sciences|life sciences
    histiceimic imdhíonachta Reference "'Tuarascáil Bhliantúil 2017,' an Roinn Talmhaíochta, Bia agus Mara, https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/publications/2018/DAFM2017TuarascilBhliantil010818.pdf [18.10.2019]Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex"
    ga
    IHC Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Immunohistochemie
    de
    Definition Spezialgebiet der Histochemie, das sich mit dem Nachweis von Immunreaktionen in Zellen und Geweben befasst Reference Reallex Med
    immunohistochemistry | IHC
    en
    Definition technique that combines anatomical, immunological and biochemical techniques to identify discrete tissue components by the interaction of target antigens with specific antibodies tagged with a visible label Reference "Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. > Protein Methods Library > Overview of Immunohistochemistry, http://www.piercenet.com/method/overview-immunohistochemistry [18.12.2014]"
    immuno-histochimie | immunohistochimie | IHC
    fr
  15. SCIENCE|natural and applied sciences|life sciences|biology · SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology
    imdhíonacht cheallach inbheirthe Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    cellular innate immunity | innate cellular immunity | innate cellular-mediated immunity
    en
    Definition part of the innate immunity that is carried out by cells called phagocytes that ingest and degrade, or 'eat' pathogens and by so-called natural killer cells that destroy certain cancerous cells Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: Mark Neal, Jon Timmi. The ISYS Project, 'An Introduction to the Immune System' (22.3.2021), Department of Computer Science, Aberystwyth University"
  16. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology
    imdhíonacht choibhneasta Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    relative immunity
    en
    Definition "modified, not completely effective resistance that results when a sort of ""fluctuating equilibrium"" exists between the defense mechanisms of the host and the infective agent" Reference "'relative immunity' (27.11.2020). Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012"
  17. SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|immunology · SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science
    imdhíonacht éighníomhach Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    imdhíonacht shaorga Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    imdhíonacht éighníomhach fhaighte Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    passive Immunität | passiv erworbene Immunität | künstliche Immunität
    de
    Definition durch passive Immunisierung kuenstlich induzierte oder durch diaplazentare Uebertragung muetterlicher AK natuerlich erworbene Immunitaet ; Verwendung von Antikörpern oder sensibilisierten Lymphozyten eines immunen Individuums zur Induktion einer passiven Immunität gegen antigene Substanzen oder Mikroorganismen in einem nicht-immunen Tier.Es wird nur eine vorübergehende Immunität erreicht. Reference Reallex Med ; Lex.Biochemie;W'buch Immunologie
    acquired passive immunity | passive immunity | artificial immunity
    en
    Definition acquired immunity due to the transfer of antibodies formed in another organism to a given individual and thus either resulting from vaccination or when an organism receives antibodies produced by another human or animal organism Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on:Government of Nunavut (Canada) > Health > Health Professionals > Manuals/Guidelines > Immunization Manual > '2. Principles of Immunology and Immunization' (22.3.2021)- David Baxter, 'Active and passive immunity, vaccine types, excipients and licensing' (4.2.2021), Occupational Medicine (London) (2007), 57 (8): 552-556- Lumen Microbiology. 'Classifying Immunities' (27.11.2020)"
    Comment Passive immunity gives immediate, but short-lived protection. It can be natural or artificial
    immunité passive | immunité provoquée
    fr
    Definition Immunité obtenue après injection de sérum provenant d'un sujet immunisé activement. Reference Immunologie,p.12