Gaois

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37 results

  1. ENERGY|electrical and nuclear industries|nuclear energy
    díchóimeáil Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Rückbau | Abbau
    de
    Definition schrittweiser Abbau eines Kernkraftwerks Reference "BMU (DE) http://www.bmu.de/atomenergie_ver_und_entsorgung/stilllegung/schrittweiser_abbau/doc/42162.php <12.2.10>"
    Comment "XREF: Stilllegung IATE:769738 UPD: st 12.2.10"
    dismantling
    en
    Definition "disassembly or demolition and removal of any structure, system or component during decommissioning [ IATE:1402752 ]" Reference "International Atomic Energy Agency, Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities: The Decommissioning Process, Lawrence E. Boing, Manila, Philippines, October 2006 https://www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/projects/r2d2/workshop2/lectures/decommissioning-process.pdf [29.5.2018]"
    Comment "Dismantling may be performed immediately after permanent retirement of a nuclear facility or it may be deferred.Reference: IAEA. Radioactive Waste Management Glossary. 2003 Edition, https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/Pub1155_web.pdf [30.5.2018]See also:- decommissioning [ IATE:1402752 ]- clearance [ IATE:913357 ]"
    démantèlement
    fr
    Definition ensemble des opérations techniques qui conduisent une installation nucléaire à un niveau de déclassement choisi Reference "Site Franceterme, JO du 03/08/2000, http://franceterme.culture.fr/FranceTerme/recherche.html#NUCL15_ouverture [21.9.2012]"
    Comment "Ne pas confondre avec ""déclassement"", IATE:769738 ."
  2. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|fisheries · ENVIRONMENT|natural environment|natural resources|resources of the sea
    ídiú an stoic Reference "Achoimre Feidhmiúcháin ar an Measúnú Tionchair a ghabhann leis an doiciméad Togra le haghaidh Rialacháin maidir le bearta áirithe atá dírithe ar thíortha nach gcomhoibríonn chun na críche stoic éisc a chaomhnú"
    ga
    Context 'D'fhéadfadh sé go mbeadh breis amhábhair ar fáil do thionscail na próiseála ar phraghsanna ísle sa ghearrthéarma, ach bheadh sé thíos leis sa mheántéarma agus san fhadtéarma de thoradh ídiú an stoic.' Reference "Achoimre Feidhmiúcháin ar an Measúnú Tionchair a ghabhann leis an doiciméad Togra le haghaidh Rialacháin maidir le bearta áirithe atá dírithe ar thíortha nach gcomhoibríonn chun na críche stoic éisc a chaomhnú"
    Rückgang des Bestands | Dezimierung des Bestands | Erschöpfung des Bestands | Bestandserschöpfung | Verschlechterung der Bestandslage | Verschlechterung von Beständen | Verringerung von Beständen | Abfischen | Abbau
    de
    Comment "kann zum Zusammenbruch von Beständen (EN stock collapse) führen"
    stock depletion | depletion of stocks | depletion of the stock | depletion of a stock
    en
    Definition "gradual reduction of fishery stocks that occurs as a result of catches exceeding the stock's recovery rate and that could, unless steps are taken to reverse the situation, lead to stock collapse" Reference Council-EN
    épuisement des stocks | déplétion des stocks | effondrement des stocks
    fr
    Definition réduction progressive de stocks de pêche due à des captures dépassant le taux de reconstitution d'un stock et qui pourrait, si aucune mesure de lutte contre le phénomène n'est prise, mener à un effondrement total du stock Reference Conseil-FR
    Comment "Bien que les deux termes soient utilisés comme synonymes, l'effrondrement désigne souvent un processus plus brutal que l'épuisement. Par ailleurs, ces deux termes sont également utilisés pour l'anglais ""stock collapse"", c'est-à-dire l'épuisement total d'un stock (= résultat), ce qui peut prêter à confusion. S'il faut distinguer le processus du résultat, on peut éventuellement ajouter l'adjectif ""total"" (par exemple) pour ""collapse""."
  3. INDUSTRY|chemistry
    díghrádú Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Dearadh na modhanna tástála chun díghrádú bitheach a thomhas, cé nach féidir é a eisiamh go dtarlaíonn roinnt díghrádú aibitheach le linn na tástála agus go rannchuidíonn sé leis na torthaí tástála.' Reference "Rialachán (AE) 2023/2055 lena leasaítear Iarscríbhinn XVII a ghabhann le Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1907/2006 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle maidir le Clárú, Meastóireacht, Údarú agus Srianadh Ceimiceán (REACH) a mhéid a bhaineann le micreacháithníní polaiméire sintéisí, CELEX:32023R2055/GA"
    Abbau | Degradation
    de
    degradation
    en
    Definition process by which a chemical substance is broken down to smaller molecules by biotic means (biodegradability) or abiotic means (hydrolysis, photolysis or oxidisation) Reference "'Degradation' (3.2.2023), ChemSafetyPro, 23 March 2016."
    Comment "See also decomposition."
  4. ENVIRONMENT
    ídiú ózóin Reference "an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Chomhshaoil, GEMET – General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus, https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/ga/themes/ [28/10/2019]"
    ga
    Definition maolú leanúnach na tiúchana ozóin sa strataisféar agus laghdú san ozóin strataisféarach sna Réigiúin Pholacha Reference "an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Chomhshaoil, GEMET – General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus, https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/ga/themes/ [28/10/2019]"
    Ozonabbau | Ozonabnahme | Ozonverarmung | Abbau der Ozonschicht
    de
    Definition stetige Abnahme der Ozonkonzentration in der Stratosphäre und Rückgang des Ozons in der Stratosphäre der Polargebiete Reference "Europäische Umweltagentur, GEMET – General Multilingual Environmental Thesaurus, https://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/de/themes/ [28/10/2019]"
    ozone depletion | depletion of the ozone layer
    en
    Definition steady decline of the ozone concentration in the stratosphere and a decrease in stratospheric ozone in the Polar Regions Reference "EEA > Data and maps > Indicators > 'Production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances', http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-2/assessment [13/06/2016]"
  5. ENVIRONMENT
    ídiú an chisil ózóin Reference an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Comhshaoil (GEC)
    ga
    Abbau der Ozonschicht
    de
    ozone layer depletion
    en
    Definition "1.The fragile shield of ozone is been damaged by chemicals released on earth. The main chemicals that are depleting stratospheric ozone are chlorofluorocarbons which are used in refrigerators, aerosols, and as cleaners in many industries, and halons, which are used in fire extinguishers. The damage is caused when these chemicals release highly reactive forms of chlorine and bromine. Over the past 30 years ozone levels over parts of Antarctica have dropped by almost 40% during some months and a ""hole"" in ozone concentrations is clearly visible in satellite observations." Reference 1.WRIGHT;
    appauvrissement, épuisement, réduction de la couche d'ozone | appauvrissement de la couche d'ozone
    fr
  6. ECONOMICS · FINANCE
    laghdú an fhiachais Reference Comhairle-GA
    ga
    Language usage """laghdú an fhiachais"" nó ""laghdú fiachais"", srl., de réir mar a fheileann don chomhthéacs."
    Schuldenabbau | Senkung des Schuldenstands | Rückbau der Verschuldung | Abbau der Staatsverschuldung | Reduzierung | Rückbau der Staatsverschuldung
    de
    Definition Verringerung des Schuldenstands einer Volkswirtschaft oder eines Wirtschaftssektors Reference Council-DE
    Comment betrifft üblicherweise den öffentlichen Sektor (Staatsverschuldung)
    debt reduction | deleveraging | indebtedness reduction | reduce indebtedness
    en
    Definition reduction in the level of debt of an economy or economic sector relative to the size of the economy (generally measured as GDP) Reference Council-EN
    Comment The sectors in question are typically either the government (public sector), or households and/or businesses (private sector). Accordingly, either the total level of debt in an economy or, say, government debt, is typically compared to GDP.
    réduction de la dette | désendettement
    fr
    Comment "Dans ce contexte, il s'agit essentiellement de la dette publique.Ne pas confondre avec la réduction ou allégement de la dette [ IATE:767309 ] qui concerne une initiative en faveur des pays pauvres très endettés."
  7. SCIENCE|humanities|social sciences · EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS
    dídheighilt mhargadh an tsaothair Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Abbau der Teilung des Arbeitsmarktes
    de
    Definition Maßnahmen, die auf eine Reduzierung oder eine Beseitigung der (vertikalen/horizontalen) Geschlechtertrennung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt abzielen Reference 100 Begriffe aus der Gleichstellungspolitik:Glossar der Gleichstellung zwischen Frauen und Männern(GD V,1998)
    desegregation of the labour market
    en
    Definition Policies aiming to reduce or eliminate segregation(vertical/horizontal)in the labour market Reference 100 words for equality:Glossary on equality between women and men(DG V,1998)
    déségregation du marché du travail
    fr
    Definition Politiques visant à réduire ou à supprimer la ségrégation des hommes et des femmes sur le marché du travail Reference 100 mots pour l'égalité:Glossaire de termes sur l'égalité entre les femmes et les hommes(DG V,1998)
  8. LAW|rights and freedoms|social rights|gender equality
    dídheighilt mhargadh an tsaothair Reference "gaois.ie https://www.gaois.ie/trm/ga/?txt=d%C3%ADdheighilt%20mhargadh%20an%20tsaothair [18.10.2018]"
    ga
    Definition beartais dírithe ar dheighilt inscne (ingearach agus/nó cothrománach) a laghdú nó a chealú i margadh an tsaothair Reference an Institiúid Eorpach um Chomhionannas Inscne (EIGE)
    Abbau der Teilung des Arbeitsmarktes
    de
    Definition Maßnahmen, die auf eine Reduzierung oder eine Beseitigung der (vertikalen/horizontalen) Geschlechtertrennung auf dem Arbeitsmarkt abzielen Reference Europäische Kommission: 100 Begriffe aus der Gleichstellungspolitik: Glossar der Gleichstellung zwischen Frauen und Männern (Luxemburg, 1998)
    desegregation of the labour market
    en
    Definition policies aiming to reduce or eliminate gender segregation (vertical and/or horizontal) in the labour market Reference European Commission (1998). 100 Words for Equality: A Glossary of Terms on Equality between Women and Men.
    déségrégation du marché du travail
    fr
    Definition politiques visant à réduire ou à éliminer la ségrégation de genre (verticale et/ou horizontale) sur le marché du travail Reference Commission européenne (1998). 100 mots pour l'égalité: Glossaire de termes sur l'égalité entre les femmes et les hommes
  9. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS · INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS|defence|arms policy · INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS|defence|military equipment|small arms
    laghdú ar bharrachas stoc-chairn Reference Comhairle-GA
    ga
    Abbau überschüssiger Bestände
    de
    surplus reduction | stockpile surplus reduction
    en
    Definition reduction of stockpiles of weapons and ammunition which have been identified as surplus Reference "Council-EN and Council-MT, based on the official website of the SEESAC (South-Eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons): Improved Capacity for Physical Security and Stockpile Management (PSSM) Through Infrastructure Security Upgrades, Surplus Reduction and Training (20.12.2019)"
    Comment 'Surplus stocks' are understood as functioning small arms and light weapons (including their parts, components and ammunition) in the national stockpile that are no longer required by the armed services of the State in order to ensure internal and external security.
    réduction des excédents
    fr
    Definition réduction des stocks d'armes légères et de petit calibre visant à réduire l'accumulation déstabilisatrice et la dissémination incontrôlée de celles-ci et pour en empêcher le trafic illicite Reference "Conseil-FR, d'après: Département de l'information des Nations unies, publication intitulée ""Programme d'Action en Vue de Prévenir, Combattre et Éliminer le Commerce Illicite des Armes Légères sous Tous ses Aspects, 16 avril 2004 (30.1.2020)"""
  10. ECONOMICS · SOCIAL QUESTIONS · EMPLOYMENT AND WORKING CONDITIONS
    sceitheadh post Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    scrios post Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    scrios fostaíochta Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    sceitheadh saothair Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Vernichtung von Arbeitsplätzen | Abbau von Arbeitsplätzen
    de
    job destruction | employment destruction | job shedding | labour shedding
    en
    Definition phenomenon that occurs when a filled job separates and leaves the market Reference "COM-EN, based on: Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides. 'Job Creation and Job Destruction in the Theory of Unemployment' (29.6.2020), Review of Economic Studies (1994) 61, 397-415."
    Comment "Antonym of job creation."
    destruction d'emplois | suppression d'emplois
    fr
  11. ENERGY|coal and mining industries|mining industry · INDUSTRY|electronics and electrical engineering|electrical engineering|electrical equipment|electricity storage device
    mianadóireacht ábhar ceallraí Reference Téarmeolaithe COM-GA
    ga
    Abbau von Batteriematerial
    de
    Definition Abbau von Materialen, die für die Herstellung von Batterien verwendet werden Reference COM-DE in Anlehnung an COM-EN
    battery material mining
    en
    Definition mining of materials that are used in batteries manufacturing Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: European Commission. Knowledge for Policy. Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity. 'Batteries and mining' (12.3.2025)"
    Comment Such as antimony, nickel, lithium, cobalt, natural graphite, etc.
  12. ENVIRONMENT
    díghrádú acmhainní nádúrtha Reference an Ghníomhaireacht Eorpach Comhshaoil (GEC)
    ga
    Abbau von natürlichen Ressourcen
    de
    degradation of natural resources
    en
    Definition 1.The result of the cumulative activities of farmers, households, and industries, all trying to improve their socio-economic well being. These activities tend to be counterproductive for several reasons. People may not completely understand the long-term consequences of their activities on the natural resource base. The most important ways in which human activity is interfering with the global ecosystem are: a) fossil fuel burning which may double the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration by the middle of the next century, as well as further increasing the emissions of sulphur and nitrogen very significantly; b) expanding agriculture and forestry and the associated use of fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorous) are significantly altering the natural circulation of these nutrients; c) increased exploitation of the freshwater system both for irrigation in agriculture and industry and for waste disposal. Reference 1.WPR;
    dégradation des ressources naturelles
    fr
  13. LAW · SOCIAL QUESTIONS|social affairs · EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATIONS|communications|communications systems · TRANSPORT|air and space transport|air transport · ENERGY
    dírialáil Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Deregulierung | Entreglementierung | Entbürokratisierung | Entregulierung | Abbau von Regulierungen
    de
    Comment UPDATED: bb, 29.08.2002
    deregulation
    en
    déréglementation | dérégulation
    fr
    Definition ---
    Comment UPDATED: KEL 13/03/2003
  14. AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|forestry · ENVIRONMENT|environmental policy|climate change policy · AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHERIES|cultivation of agricultural land|land use · ENVIRONMENT|deterioration of the environment|nuisance|pollutant|atmospheric pollutant|greenhouse gas
    aistriú gás ceaptha teasa Reference "Rialachán (AE) 2018/841 maidir le hastaíochtaí agus aistrithe gás ceaptha teasa ó úsáid talún, athrú ar úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht a chur san áireamh i gcreat 2030 don aeráid agus don fhuinneamhFaomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex"
    ga
    Context 'Is féidir le méadú ar úsáid inbhuanaithe táirgí adhmaid lománaithe teorainn shuntasach a chur le hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa tríd an iarmhairt ó ionadú, agus aistrithe gás ceaptha teasa ón atmaisféar a fheabhsú.' Reference "Rialachán (AE) 2018/841 maidir le hastaíochtaí agus aistrithe gás ceaptha teasa ó úsáid talún, athrú ar úsáid talún agus foraoiseacht a chur san áireamh i gcreat 2030 don aeráid agus don fhuinneamh"
    baint Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    aistriú GCT Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Treochtaí in astaíochtaí agus aistrithe GCT sna hearnálacha a bhaineann le EU ETS, comhroinnt díchill agus earnálacha LULUCF, agus in earnálacha difriúla fuinnimh...' Reference "Rialachán (AE) 2018/1999 maidir le Rialachas an Aontais Fuinnimh agus na Gníomhaíochta Aeráide, lena leasaítear Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 663/2009 agus Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 715/2009 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle, Treoir 94/22/CE, Treoir 98/70/CE, Treoir 2009/31/CE, Treoir 2009/73/CE, Treoir 2010/31/AE, Treoir 2012/27/AE, agus Treoir 2013/30/AE ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle, Treoir 2009/119/CE agus Treoir (AE) 2015/652 ón gComhairle agus lena n-aisghairtear Rialachán (AE) Uimh. 525/2013 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle, CELEX:32018R1999/GA"
    Abbau von Treibhausgasen | Abbau | Abbau durch Senken
    de
    Definition "Abbau von Treibhausgasen in der Atmosphäre durch Senken" Reference "Beschluss Nr. 529/2013/EU über die Anrechnung und Verbuchung von Emissionen und des Abbaus von Treibhausgasen infolge von Tätigkeiten im Sektor Landnutzung, Landnutzungsänderungen und Forstwirtschaft und über Informationen zu Maßnahmen in Zusammenhang mit derartigen Tätigkeiten "
    Comment "Wird häufig im Zusammenhang mit Landnutzung, Landnutzungsänderung und Forstwirtschaft (LULUCF) verwendet.Weiter gefasst als 3508523 Entnahme von Kohlendioxid,s. a. sprachenübergreifende Erläuterung oben."
    removal by sink | greenhouse gas removal | GHG removal | removal | GGR | removal of greenhouse gases | removal of greenhouse gas | CO2 absorption
    en
    Definition "removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere by sinks" Reference "Council-EN, based on:Decision No 529/2013/EU on accounting rules on greenhouse gas emissions and removals resulting from activities relating to land use, land-use change and forestry and on information concerning actions relating to those activities "
    Comment "Often used in the context of LULUCF activities. See also removal unit."
    absorption des gaz à effet de serre | absorption par les puits | absorption | absorption de CO2
    fr
    Definition "réduction de la concentration des gaz à effet de serre présents dans l'atmosphère grâce aux puits" Reference "Conseil-FR, d'après la décision (UE) nº 529/2013 relative aux règles comptables concernant les émissions et les absorptions de gaz à effet de serre résultant des activités liées à l'utilisation des terres, au changement d'affectation des terres et à la foresterie et aux informations concernant les actions liées à ces activités"
    Comment "Terme souvent employé dans le cadre de l'UTCATF (utilisation des terres, changement d'affectation des terres et foresterie).Voir aussi unité d'absorption."
  15. ECONOMICS|economic policy|economic policy
    athchothromú Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Abbau von Ungleichgewichten | Beseitigung von Ungleichgewichten | Beseitigen von Ungleichgewichten
    de
    rebalancing
    en
    Definition process of making alterations (to an economy) in order to rectify a perceived imbalance or imbalances and to place it on a more sustainable footing Reference Council-EN
    rééquilibrage | réduction des déséquilibres
    fr
    Definition processus d'assainissement économique visant à réduire les déséquilibres et à restaurer la viabilité des finances publiques Reference Conseil-FR
  16. ENVIRONMENT|environmental policy|environmental policy|environmental impact · SOCIAL QUESTIONS|health|medical science|toxicology
    leathré dhíghrádúcháin Reference Téarmeolaithe COM-GA
    ga
    leathré an díghrádaithe Reference "Rialachán (AE) 2023/2055 ón gCoimisiún lena leasaítear Iarscríbhinn XVII a ghabhann le Rialachán (CE) Uimh. 1907/2006 ó Pharlaimint na hEorpa agus ón gComhairle maidir le Clárú, Meastóireacht, Údarú agus Srianadh Ceimiceán (REACH) a mhéid a bhaineann le micreacháithníní polaiméire sintéisí "
    ga
    Abbau-Halbwertszeit
    de
    degradation half-life | degradation half-lives
    en
    Definition "time required for the concentration of a substance to halve its original value in a particular environmental compartment" Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on: Grammatica, P. and Papa, E., 'Screening and Ranking of POPs for Global Half-Life: QSAR Approaches for Prioritization Based on Molecular Structure' (24.6.2024), Environmental Science & Technology, Vol.41, No.8, 2007, pp.2833-2839."
    DegT50
    mul
  17. SCIENCE|natural and applied sciences|life sciences · ENVIRONMENT
    díghrádú aeróbach Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    díleá aeróbach Reference Faomhadh an téarma seo mar chuid de Thionscadal Lex
    ga
    Context 'Is go nádúrtha a tharlaíonn díleá anaeróbach ar an gcuid orgánach atá istigh sa dramhaíl, é níos moille ná sa díleá aeróbach agus gás líonadh talún (ina mbíonn meatán agus dé-ocsáid carbóín) á scaoileadh amach san atmaisféar.' Reference "'An tOchtú Athrú Molta ar Phlean Forbartha Contae Chiarraí 2009 - 2015', Comhairle Contae Chiarraí, http://www.kerrycoco.ie/ga/gachseirbhis/pleanail/athrumolta/antochtuathrumoltaarphleanforbarthacontaec/thefile,7209,ga.pdf [12.1.2016]"
    Definition briseadh síos ábhar orgánach ag baictéir agus einsímí i dtimpeallacht atá gan ocsaigin Reference "An tOchtú Athrú Molta ar Phlean Forbartha Contae Chiarraí 2009 - 2015', http://www.kerrycoco.ie/ga/gachseirbhis/pleanail/athrumolta/antochtuathrumoltaarphleanforbarthacontaec/thefile,7209,ga.pdf [12.1.2016]"
    aerober Abbau
    de
    Definition Abbau von Stoffen oder Abfällen durch Bakterien und andere Kleinstlebewesen unter Verbrauch von Luftsauerstoff Reference "Das Umweltlexikon, s. v. ""aerober Abbau"", http://www.umweltdatenbank.de/cms/lexikon/27-lexikon-a/2785-aerober-abbau.html (11.12.2015)"
    aerobic biodegradation | aerobic degradation | aerobic digestion
    en
    Definition spontaneous slow degradation of organic matter by microoorganisms in the presence of oxygen with byproducts energy (heat), carbon dioxide and water and nitrate ion Reference "COM-Terminology Coordination, based on:Zaki Abedeen. Sludge treatment in wasterwater. Aerobic and anaerobic digestion, http://fr.slideshare.net/zakiabedeen/anaerobic-aerobic-digestion [22.10.2015]"
    Comment "See also:- anaerobic biodegration (antonym) [ IATE:1493574 ]"
    dégradation aérobie | fermentation aérobie
    fr
    Definition processus de transformation de certaines matières organiques par des microorganismes, en présence d'oxygène. Ex.:fermentation acétique, fermentation citrique Reference CILF